Kappa switching DC-DC converter with continuous input and output currents

ABSTRACT

The Kappa converter circuit, as introduced herein, can be configured for step-down (buck), step-up (boost), or buck-boost operation. The Kappa converter circuit exhibits lower electromagnetic interference (EMI) relative to other buck, boost, or buck-boost topologies, such as without additional input or output filter circuits. The Kappa converter circuit can have high power handling capability and less DCR loss, for example due to a distribution of current signals through respective inductors. The Kappa converter circuit includes isolating inductors at its input and ground reference nodes to help reduce signal bounce or signal pulsations at supply and ground reference busses, thereby further reducing EMI noise due to switching in the circuit. When the Kappa converter is configured for step-up operation, the converter exhibits no right-half-plane (RHP) zero.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/391,664, filed Apr. 23, 2019, titled, “KAPPA SWITCHING DC-DCCONVERTER WITH CONTINUOUS INPUT AND OUTPUT CURRENTS”, which is herebyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Power systems can include one or more voltage or current convertercircuits. A converter circuit can receive an electrical input signalhaving various input signal characteristics such as magnitude,frequency, and/or phase. In response to the input signal, the convertercircuit can provide an electrical output signal, such as havingcharacteristics that are similar or different to those of the inputsignal.

Power systems can include one or more switches configured to adjust anoutput signal magnitude, frequency, and/or phase. Some power systems caninclude an isolation circuit, such as a transformer, to electricallyisolate a converter output stage from a converter input stage usingrespective sides of the transformer.

Switched-mode converter circuits, or switching regulators, can providepower conversion, such as including output signal voltage or outputcurrent regulation, using transistor switches that are either on or off.That is, in a switched-mode converter, the transistors may not operatein a linear region in which both switch current and switch voltage arenonzero. In an example, at least one of transistor current andtransistor voltage is close to zero at all times, and accordingly powerdissipation is minimized.

In an example, a switching regulator is configured to generate aregulated voltage. For example, a switching regulator can include one ormore switches that can be turned on or off according to a duty cycle.The duty cycle of the switches can be selected to control or regulatethe output voltage. Examples of switching regulators include, forexample, DC-DC converters such as buck converters and boost converters.Such converters can be used to convert a direct current (DC) signal fromone voltage level to another. DC-DC converters can be useful inapplications that use multiple sub-systems, such as can use or operateat different voltage levels.

Some DC-DC converters can include or use a magnetic energy storageelement, such as one or more inductors or transformers. In such anexample, a converter output voltage can be controlled by modulating aduty cycle of the signal(s) used to control power switches for chargingor discharging the inductive component(s). In an example, a buckconverter or a boost converter can include or use a magnetic energystorage element.

Power converters can be configured for continuous or discontinuousoperation. In an example, a converter configured for continuousoperation can provide a continuous current or voltage output, such ascan be desired or required for various supply-sensitive applications. Inan example, a continuous operation mode can exhibit reduced noise, orreduced electromagnetic interference (EMI), as compared to adiscontinuous mode. In an example, EMI noise generated by a convertercan be detected on a supply rail or ground rail, and such noise can beundesirable or detrimental for some applications. Some convertercircuits include or use various filters to help smooth output signals orreduce EMI effects, however such filters can increase system size andcost.

OVERVIEW

The present inventor has recognized, among other things, that a problemto be solved includes providing a power converter circuit that canoperate in multiple different modes. For example, the problem caninclude providing a converter that can be configured for step-up andstep-down power conversion. In an example, the problem includesproviding a switching converter that introduces limited noise andincludes a relatively simple to use control scheme. In an example, theproblem includes providing a converter with a non-inverting output usinga minimum number of standard circuit components, and further includesproviding a continuous output signal with low ripple and minimal outputfiltering.

In an example, a solution to the above-described problem can include oruse a Kappa converter circuit. The Kappa converter circuit is introducedherein. In an example, the Kappa converter circuit can be configured forstep-down (buck), step-up (boost), or buck-boost operation. In anexample, the converter circuit can have low DC resistance losscharacteristics, and the converter circuit can use inductors to provideisolation between switching devices in the converter and one or more buslines. In an example, the Kappa converter circuit can include or use arelatively simple to use control scheme with a minimum number ofswitches. In an example, the Kappa converter circuit can provide anon-inverted output signal relative to a signal at the input of theconverter circuit. That is, the Kappa converter circuit can provide anoutput signal that has the same polarity as its corresponding inputsignal. The Kappa converter circuit can provide substantially continuousinput and output current with minimal ripple and without requiring largecapacitive filters at the input and output nodes.

Aspect 1 can include or use subject matter (such as an apparatus, asystem, a device, a method, a means for performing acts, or a devicereadable medium including instructions that, when performed by thedevice, can cause the device to perform acts, or an article ofmanufacture), such as can include or use a bidirectional transformerlessswitching power converter system that is operable in a first mode inwhich a power signal flows in a power signal path from a first node to asecond node to provide a stepped-down power signal at the second node,and the power converter system is operable in a second mode in which adifferent power signal flows in the power signal path from the secondnode to the first node to provide a stepped-up power signal at the firstnode. In Aspect 1, the power converter system can include a switchingcircuit coupled to the second node, a capacitor provided in parallelwith the switching circuit, a first inductor coupled between a firstterminal of the capacitor and the first node, and a second inductorcoupled between a second terminal of the capacitor and a reference node.

Aspect 2 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of Aspect 1, to optionally include the switching circuitincluding a first switch in a signal path between the first terminal ofthe capacitor and the second node, and a second switch in a signal pathbetween the second terminal of the capacitor and the second node.

Aspect 3 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 or 2 to optionallyinclude or use, in the first mode, the system is configured as asingle-phase step-down converter that is configured to receive a highervoltage input signal at the first node and provide a lower voltageoutput signal at the second node.

Aspect 4 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 3 tooptionally include or use, in the second mode, the system is configuredas a single-phase step-up converter that is configured to receive alower voltage input signal at the second node and provide a highervoltage output signal at the first node.

Aspect 5 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 4 tooptionally include or use a control circuit configured to provide switchcontrol signals to respective switches in the switching circuit toconfigure the converter system to operate in the first mode or thesecond mode.

Aspect 6 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of Aspect 5, to optionally include or use the controlcircuit configured to receive a power supply signal from a supply node,wherein the supply node is coupled to the first terminal of thecapacitor.

Aspect 7 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 5 or 6 to optionallyinclude the control circuit receiving operating power from a node in thepower signal path.

Aspect 8 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of Aspect 7, to optionally include the capacitor as aflying capacitor and the control circuit receiving power from the firstand different second terminals of the flying capacitor.

Aspect 9 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 8 tooptionally include or use an output capacitor coupled between the firstand second nodes, and wherein the system is operable in a buck-boostmode to provide a continuous output signal across the output capacitor.

Aspect 10 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 9 tooptionally include, in the first mode, an output signal at the secondnode having the same polarity as its corresponding input signal at thefirst node, and in the second mode, an output signal at the first nodehaving the same polarity as its corresponding input signal at the secondnode.

Aspect 11 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 10 tooptionally include, in the first mode, the system is configured toprovide a continuous output signal at the second node, and wherein inthe second mode, the system is configured to provide a continuous outputsignal at the first node.

Aspect 12 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 11 to include oruse, subject matter (such as an apparatus, a method, a means forperforming acts, or a machine readable medium including instructionsthat, when performed by the machine, that can cause the machine toperform acts), such as can include or use a packaged, transformerless,switching power converter system operable in step-down (buck), step-up(boost), and/or step-up/step-down (buck-boost) converter modes. In anexample, Aspect 12 can include a dual-purpose first terminal configuredto (a) in a buck converter mode, receive a high voltage first inputsignal, or (b) in a boost converter mode, provide a stepped-up outputsignal relative to a low voltage second input signal. Aspect 12 caninclude a dual-purpose second terminal configured to (a) in the buckconverter mode, provide a stepped-down output signal relative to thehigh voltage first input signal, or (b) in the boost converter mode,receive the low voltage second input signal. Aspect 12 can include afirst switch coupled to the dual-purpose second terminal and configuredto selectively pass signals to or from the dual-purpose first terminal,and a second switch coupled to the dual-purpose second terminal andconfigured to selectively pass signals to a reference node.

Aspect 13 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of Aspect 12, to optionally include or use a controlsignal input and a control circuit configured to receive a controlsignal from the control signal input and, in response, control the firstswitch and the second switch to operate the system in one of the buck,boost, and/or buck-boost converter modes.

Aspect 14 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of one or any combination of Aspect 12 or Aspect 13 tooptionally include or use a first inductor coupled between thedual-purpose first terminal and the first switch, and a second inductorcoupled between the second switch and the reference node.

Aspect 15 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of Aspect 14, to optionally include or use a capacitorcoupled between the first and second inductors. The capacitor can be aflying capacitor with a voltage level that floats according to operationof the converter.

Aspect 16 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 12 through 15 tooptionally include, in the buck converter mode, the second terminal isconfigured to provide a continuous and non-inverted output currentsignal relative to the high voltage first input signal, and in the boostconverter mode, the first terminal is configured to provide a continuousand non-inverted output current signal relative to the low voltagesecond input signal.

Aspect 17 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of one or any combination of Aspects 12 through 16 tooptionally include or use a sensing resistor configured to monitor acurrent in the converter. In an example, the sensing resistor can becoupled to the first terminal. Aspect 17 can include one or more LEDdevices coupled between the sensing resistor and the second terminal,and the control circuit can be configured to receive information about acurrent signal in the resistor and, in response, control the first andsecond switches to provide a substantially continuous power signal tothe one or more LED devices at the first terminal.

Aspect 18 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subjectmatter of one or any combination of Aspects 1 through 17 to include oruse, subject matter (such as an apparatus, a method, a means forperforming acts, or a machine readable medium including instructionsthat, when performed by the machine, that can cause the machine toperform acts), such as can include or use a method for stepping up orstepping down a power signal using a converter system having adual-purpose first node, a dual-purpose second node, a switching circuitincluding first and second switches, a capacitor provided in parallelwith the switching circuit, a first inductor coupled between a firstterminal of the capacitor and the first node, and a second inductorcoupled between a second terminal of the capacitor and a reference node.In an example, Aspect 18 can include, in a step-down mode, controllingthe first switch in a first power signal path to change an amount of afirst power signal flowing from the first inductor to the second node,and controlling the second switch in a shunt path to change an amount ofthe power signal flowing from a reference node to the second node.Aspect 18 can include, in a step-up mode, controlling the first switchin the first power signal path to change an amount of a power signalflowing from the second node to the first inductor, and controlling thesecond switch to change an amount of the power signal flowing from thereference node to the first node.

Aspect 19 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of Aspect 18, to optionally include, in the step-up mode,sensing a magnitude of a current signal provided to a load circuit bythe first inductor, and based on the sensed magnitude, using a controlcircuit to change or modulate a duty cycle of the first and secondswitches to provide a substantially continuous drive signal to the loadcircuit.

Aspect 20 can include or use, or can optionally be combined with thesubject matter of one or any combination of Aspect 18 or Aspect 19 tooptionally include, in the step-up mode, providing a substantiallycontinuous, non-zero drive signal from the first inductor to a loadcircuit.

Each of these non-limiting Aspects can stand on its own, or can becombined in various permutations or combinations with one or more of theother Aspects or with one or more portions thereof.

This overview is intended to provide an overview of subject matter ofthe present patent application. It is not intended to provide anexclusive or exhaustive explanation of the invention. The detaileddescription is included to provide further information about the presentpatent application.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numeralsmay describe similar components in different views. Like numerals havingdifferent letter suffixes may represent different instances of similarcomponents. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, butnot by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the presentdocument.

FIG. 1 illustrates generally an example of a single-phase buckconverter.

FIG. 2 illustrates generally an example of a two-phase buck converter.

FIG. 3 illustrates generally an example of a boost converter.

FIG. 4 illustrates generally an example of a Kappa converter.

FIG. 5 illustrates generally an example of a step-down Kappa converter.

FIG. 6 illustrates generally an example of a step-up Kappa converter.

FIG. 7 illustrates generally an example of a buck-boost Kappa converter.

FIG. 8 illustrates generally an example of an LED driver circuit thatcan include or use multiple different converters.

FIG. 9A illustrates generally a first example of a Kappa boost converterdriving one or more LEDs.

FIG. 9B illustrates generally a second example of a Kappa boostconverter driving one or more LEDs.

FIG. 10 illustrates generally a third example of a Kappa buck-boostconverter driving one or more LEDs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The Kappa converter circuit, as introduced herein, can be configured forstep-down (buck), step-up (boost), or buck-boost operation. The Kappaconverter circuit can help reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI)relative to conventional buck, boost, or buck-boost topologies, such aswithout requiring additional input or output filter circuits. The Kappaconverter circuit can help provide a high power handling capability andless DC resistance loss, for example due to a distribution of currentsignals through respective inductors. The Kappa convener circuit caninclude isolating inductors at its input and ground reference nodes suchas to help reduce signal bounce or signal pulsations at supply andground reference busses, thereby helping further reducing EMI noise dueto switching in the circuit.

In an example, the Kappa converter circuit can have low DC resistanceloss characteristics. For example, compared to a single-phase buckconverter with equivalent current capability and total inductor value,the Kappa converter can exhibit less DCR (I²R) loss due to adistribution of current signals. Compared to a two-phase buck converterwith respective pairs of inductors and two pairs of switches, the Kappaconvener uses a single pair of switches and exhibits less conductionloss.

In an example, the Kappa converter circuit can provide a non-invertedoutput signal relative to a signal at the input of the convertercircuit. More particularly, the Kappa converter circuit can provide anoutput signal that has the same polarity as its corresponding inputsignal. The Kappa converter circuit can provide substantially continuousinput and output current with reduced or minimized ripple and withoutrequiring large capacitive filters at the input and output nodes.

In an example, when the Kappa converter is configured for step-upoperation, the converter exhibits no right-half-plane (RHP) zero. Incontrast, other boost topologies exhibit an intrinsic low frequency RHPzero that can limit converter bandwidth and slow transient behavior.

In an example, the Kappa converter circuit can include or use acontroller or control circuit. Feedback or level-shifting circuitry canbe provided to sense behavior of the converter circuit and adjustswitching times or other converter behavior. In an example, the controlcircuit can receive information from a sense resistor configured tomonitor a current load, and in response the control circuit can update aduty cycle of switches in the Kappa converter circuit to help maintain acontinuous current output condition.

To illustrate the various potential features and advantages of the Kappaconverter, the Kappa converter will be generally discussed in contrastwith other buck, boost, and buck-boost topologies. The other topologiesare introduced and discussed briefly below in the discussion of FIGS.1-3 .

FIG. 1 illustrates generally an example of a single-phase buck converter100. The buck converter 100 can be configured to receive an inputvoltage signal V_(HV) at a first node 102 and provide a regulated outputvoltage signal V_(LV) at an output node 108. The buck converter 100includes a first switch 111 configured to switch a signal path betweenthe first node 102 and a second node 103, and the buck converter 100includes a second switch 112 configured to switch a signal path betweenthe second node 103 and a reference node 101. The buck converter 100includes an inductor 121 in a signal path between the second node 103and an output node 108. The output node 108 can be capacitor-coupled tothe reference node 101, such as using a capacitor 131. The stepped-downor regulated output voltage signal V_(LV) at the output node 108 has asignal magnitude that is less than a magnitude of the input voltagesignal V_(HV) and has some current ripple due to a duty cycle of thefirst and second switches 111 and 112.

In the example of FIG. 1 , the first switch 111 is switched between open(non-conducting) and closed (conducting) configurations according to afirst switching signal S_(T), and the second switch 112 is switchedbetween open and closed configurations according to a second switchingsignal S_(B). Generally, the first and second switching signals S_(T)and S_(B) are complementary such that the first switching signal S_(T)is high when the second switching signal S_(B) is low, and the firstswitching signal S_(T) is low when the second switching signal S_(B) ishigh. In the example of FIG. 1 , the first switch 111 is coupled to asupply bus at the first node 102. Switching the first switch 111 canintroduce switching noise or EMI to the supply bus, which can bedetrimental to other circuitry that shares the same bus. That is, apulsating signal at the first node 102 can introduce undesirable noise.In some examples, the noise can be mitigated using other filters orcomponents.

In the example of the single-phase buck converter 100 of FIG. 1 , thesecond node 103 is coupled to the first node 102 when the first switch111 is in a closed configuration (e.g., the first switching signal S_(T)is high and the second switching signal S_(B) is low) and the secondnode 103 is coupled to the reference node 101 when the second switch 112is in a closed configuration (e.g., the second switching signal S_(B) ishigh and the first switching signal S_(T) is low). As the input from thefirst node 102 flows and is modulated by the first and second switches111 and 112, the resulting current is similarly modulated and introducesundesirable switching noise into the bus lines at the first node 102 andthe reference node 101. The noise can interfere with one or more othercircuits that can share the same bus lines.

In the example of FIG. 1 , the single-phase buck converter 100 includesthe inductor 121. The inductor 121 has an inherent resistancecharacteristic and therefore a DC resistance loss exists across theinductor 121. For a single-phase converter, the loss is calculated asI₁₂₁ ²*R₁₂₁ where I₁₂₁ is the current through the inductor 121 and R₁₂₁is the resistance of the inductor 121. In the example of FIG. 1 , if theoutput at the output node 108 includes a 4 A current signal, then the DCresistance loss through the inductor 121 is 16*R₁₂₁. The single-phasebuck converter 100 thus exhibits a relatively large power loss.

In the example of FIG. 1 , the single-phase buck converter 100 includesthe capacitor 131 at the output node 108. A value of the capacitor 131can be specified according to the application of the converter. Forexample, the capacitor 131 can have a capacitance that is sufficientlylarge such that a current at the output node 108 is substantiallycontinuous for a given output voltage level and duty cycle of the firstswitching signal S_(T) and second switching signal S_(B).

FIG. 2 illustrates generally an example of a two-phase buck converter200. The buck converter 200 can include a pair of switching stages suchas a first-phase switching stage 251 and a second-phase switching stage252. The first-phase and second-phase switching stages 251 and 252 canhave substantially similar configurations in terms of components andfunction. In an example, the first-phase and second-phase switchingstages 251 and 252 comprise respective buck converters with outputs thatare coupled at a two-phase converter output node 208.

The first-phase switching stage 251 can include components similar tothose in the example of the single-phase buck converter 100 of FIG. 1 .Like-numbered components in FIGS. 1 and 2 can generally indicate thecomponent have the same or similar configuration, function, or value.For example, the first-phase switching stage 251 can be configured toreceive an input signal V_(HV) at a first-phase input node 102A andprovide a regulated output signal at a first-phase output node 108A. Thefirst-phase switching stage 251 can include a first switch 111Aconfigured to switch a signal path between the first-phase input node102A and a first-phase switching node 103A. The first-phase switchingstage 251 can include a second switch 112A configured to switch a signalpath between the first-phase switching node 103A and a reference node201. The first-phase switching stage 251 can include a first inductor121A in a signal path between the first-phase switching node 103A andthe first-phase output node 108A. The first-phase output node 108A canbe capacitor-coupled to the reference node 201, such as using an outputcapacitor 231. In the example of FIG. 1 , the first switch 111A isswitched between open (non-conducting) and closed (conducting)configurations according to a first switching signal S_(T1), and thesecond switch 112A is switched between open and closed configurationsaccording to a second switching signal S_(B1). Generally, the first andsecond switching signals S_(T1) and S_(B1) are complementary such thatthe first switching signal S_(T1) is high when the second switchingsignal S_(B1) is low, and the first switching signal S_(T1) is low whenthe second switching signal S_(B1) is high.

As similarly described above in the example of the single-phase buckconverter 100 of FIG. 1 , the first-phase switching node 103A can becoupled to the first-phase input node 102A when the first switch 111A isclosed and the first-phase switching node 103A can be coupled to thereference node 201 when the second switch 112A is closed.

The first-phase switching stage 251 includes a first inductor 121A. Thefirst inductor 121A has an inherent resistance characteristic andtherefore a DC resistance loss exists across the inductor 121A. For thefirst-phase switching stage 251, the loss is calculated as I_(121A)²*R_(121A) where I_(121A) is the current through the first inductor 121Aand R_(121A) is the resistance of the first inductor 121A. In theexample of FIG. 2 , if the output at the first-phase output node 108Aincludes a 2 A current signal, then the DC resistance loss through thefirst inductor 121A is 4*R_(121A).

The second-phase switching stage 252 can be a second and discreteinstance of the first-phase switching stage 251, such as comprisingsubstantially or identically the same components, as indicated by thelike-numbered components in FIG. 2 . For example, the second-phaseswitching stage 252 can be configured to receive the input signal V_(HV)at a second-phase input node 102B and provide a regulated output signalat a second-phase output node 108B. The second-phase switching stage 252can include a third switch 111B, such as can be similarly or identicallyconfigured to the first switch 111A from the first-phase switching stage251. The third switch 111B can be configured to switch a signal pathbetween the second-phase input node 102B and a second-phase switchingnode 103B. The second-phase switching stage 252 can include a fourthswitch 112B, such as can be similarly or identically configured to thesecond switch 112A from the first-phase switching stage 251. The fourthswitch 112B can be configured to switch a signal path between thesecond-phase switching node 103B and the reference node 201.

The second-phase switching stage 252 can include a second inductor 121Bin a signal path between the second-phase switching node 103B and thesecond-phase output node 108A. The second-phase output node 108B can becapacitor-coupled to the reference node 201, such as using the outputcapacitor 231. That is, the first-phase and second-phase output nodes108A and 108B can be commonly coupled to the reference node 201 usingthe same output capacitor 231.

In the example of FIG. 2 , the third switch 111B is switched betweenopen (non-conducting) and closed (conducting) configurations accordingto a third switching signal S_(T2), and the fourth switch 112B isswitched between open and closed configurations according to a fourthswitching signal S_(B2). Generally, the third and fourth switchingsignals S_(T2) and S_(B2) are complementary such that the thirdswitching signal S_(T2) is high when the fourth switching signal S_(B2)is low, and the third switching signal S_(T2) is low when the fourthswitching signal S_(B2) is high. In an example, a controller circuit(not illustrated in the example of FIG. 2 ) provides the first, second,third, and fourth switching signals S_(T1), S_(B1), S_(T2), and S_(B2),such as based on a feedback signal that includes information about acurrent or voltage status of the two-phase converter output node 208. Inan example, the first and third switching signals, S_(T1) and S_(T2),are substantially the same or have the same duty cycle, and the secondand fourth switching signals, S_(B1) and S_(B2), are substantially thesame or have the same duty cycle.

As similarly described above in the example of the single-phase buckconverter 100 of FIG. 1 , the first-phase switching node 103A can becoupled to the first-phase input node 102A when the first switch 111A isclosed and the first-phase switching node 103A can be coupled to thereference node 201 when the second switch 112A is closed. Similarly, asecond-phase switching node 103B can be coupled to a second-phase inputnode 102B when the third switch 111B is closed and the second-phaseswitching node 103B can be coupled to the reference node 201 when thefourth switch 112B is closed.

The second-phase switching stage 252 includes a second inductor 121B.The second inductor 121B can have substantially the same or similarcharacteristics to the first inductor 121A from the first-phaseswitching stage 251. In an example, the second inductor 121B has aninherent resistance characteristic and therefore a DC resistance lossexists across the second inductor 121B. For the second-phase switchingstage 252, the loss is calculated as I_(121B) ²*R_(121B) where I_(121B)is the current through the second inductor 121B and R_(121B) is theresistance of the second inductor 121B. In the example of FIG. 2 , ifthe output at the second-phase output node 108B includes a 2 A currentsignal, then the DC resistance loss through the second inductor 121B is4*R_(121B).

In an example, the first-phase switching stage 251 is configured toprovide a 2 A signal at the first-phase output node 108A and thesecond-phase switching stage 252 is configured to provide a 2 A signalat the second-phase output node 108B. The signals at the first-phaseoutput node 108A and the second-phase output node 108B can be summed atthe two-phase converter output node 208 to provide a 4 A output signalat the output capacitor 231. In this example, the total DC resistancelosses of the two-phase buck converter 200 can be calculated as4*R_(121A)+4*R_(121B). If the first and second inductors 121A and 121Bare similarly configured to the inductor 121 from the example of FIG. 1, then R₁₂₁=R_(121A)=R_(121B) and the total DC resistance-based loss ofthe two-phase buck converter 200 is 8*R₁₂₁ for a 4 A output signal atthe two-phase converter output node 208. In other words, theresistance-based losses of the two-phase buck converter 200 can be halfof that for the single-phase buck converter 100 such as for the sameoutput current signal. This reduction in power loss is provided at theexpense of additional components over the single-phase design, leadingto increased cost and implementation challenges. For example, relativeto the single-phase design, additional switch devices and an additionalinductor are used in the two-phase converter, and the controller circuitused to control the switch devices in the two-phase converter isconfigured to drive four switches instead of two.

In the example of FIG. 2 , the first switch 111A and the third switch111B are coupled to a supply bus at the input nodes 102A and 102B,respectively. Switching the first switch 111A and the third switch 111Bcan introduce switching noise or EMI to the supply bus, which can bedetrimental to other circuitry that shares the same bus. Relative to asingle-phase buck converter, the additional switches in the two-phasebuck converter can introduce correspondingly more switching noise. In anexample, the single-phase buck converter 100 and/or the two-phase buckconverter 200 can use strict phase control from a controller circuit andaccurate output current or voltage sensing to realize balanced inductorcurrents and to optimize output voltage ripple.

FIG. 3 illustrates generally an example of a boost converter 300. Theboost converter 300 is configured to receive an input signal V_(IN) at afirst node 302 and provide a stepped-up, regulated output signal V_(OUT)at an output node 308. The boost converter 300 includes an inductor 321coupled between the first node 302 and a switched node 303. The boostconverter 300 includes a first switch 311 configured to switch a signalpath between the switched node 303 and the output node 308, and theboost converter 300 includes a second switch 312 configured to switch asignal path between the switched node 303 and a reference node 301. Theoutput node 308 can be capacitor-coupled to the reference node 301, suchas using a capacitor 331. The stepped-up or regulated output signalV_(OUT) at the output node 308 has a voltage magnitude that is greaterthan a magnitude of the input signal V and has some current ripple dueto a duty cycle of the first and second switches 311 and 312. Sincepower is conserved and the output voltage is increased, a current at theoutput node 308 is decreased relative to a current at the first node302.

In the example of FIG. 3 , the first switch 311 is switched between open(non-conducting) and closed (conducting) configurations according to afirst switching signal S_(T3), and the second switch 312 is switchedbetween open and closed configurations according to a second switchingsignal S_(B3). Generally, the first and second switching signals S_(T3)and S_(B3) are complementary such that the first switching signal S_(T3)is high when the second switching signal S_(B3) is low, and the firstswitching signal S_(T3) is low when the second switching signal S_(B3)is high.

In an example, during operation, an input to the boost converter 300from the first node 302 can be substantially continuous over an entirecycle. Accordingly, some size or inductance characteristics of the inputfilter, such as including the inductor 321, can be relaxed relative to,for example, similar characteristics on an output filter of a buckconverter to ensure continuous operation.

In an example, the boost converter 300 can be configured to delivercurrent to the output node 308 when the first switch 311 is on andconducting. When the first switch 311 is off and non-conducting,however, then no current is provided at the output node 308 and theoutput is said to be discontinuous. To provide a substantiallycontinuous output, the boost converter 300 can include or use arelatively large output capacitor 331 to smooth the output voltage andreduce output signal ripple. The output capacitor 331 can be largecompared to an output capacitor in a buck converter, for example, toensure continuous operation or to mitigate a pulsating output.

In an example, a boost converter can operate in a discontinuous mode,particularly under light loading conditions. In a discontinuous mode,the inductor 321 can discharge completely, and accordingly the outputvoltage can drop. Such a drop in the output can be detrimental or fatalin some applications. For example, a discontinuous mode may not betolerated in an LED driver application that can use a constant currentto support transient performance.

Other topologies can be used to provide voltage or current regulation,and each topology can have its attendant benefits and limitations. Forexample, a Cuk converter can include or use continuous input and outputcurrents, however, a Cuk converter generally provides an inverted outputrelative to its input. Additional components or circuitry can be usedappended to a Cuk converter to provide a non-inverted output. Generally,the additional components or circuitry include additional switchesleading to increased complexity and control requirements. Furthermore,the switches in such a design can be coupled to ground or to a groundreference node, thereby contributing to additional noise.

In an example, a single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPICconverter) can be used as an alternative to a traditional buck-boostconfiguration to provide an output signal that is greater than, lessthan, or equal to an input signal. An output of a SEPIC converter issimilarly controlled by a duty cycle of its switches. However, an outputcurrent of a SEPIC converter can have a large pulse characteristic andcan therefore require or use a relatively large output capacitor tosmooth the output signal. Additionally, the switch in a conventionalSEPIC converter can be coupled to ground, which can generate switchingnoise on the ground bus.

Kappa DC-DC Switching Converter Example

In an example, a Kappa converter can include a DC-DC switching converterthat is configured to provide step-up and/or step-down output signalsrelative to an input signal. The various Kappa converter examplesdiscussed herein are transformerless, however, other examples caninclude or use transformers for further step-up or step-down processingand/or for isolation. In an example, the Kappa converter can includemultiple energy-storage components and two switches and can beconfigured to use a continuous input current and provide a continuousoutput current. In an example, the Kappa converter includes twoinductors and a capacitor. The capacitor can be considered to be a“flying” capacitor because it can be decoupled from a static referencenode such as ground.

In an example, the Kappa converter can be a bidirectional transformerthat is configured to operate in various modes that can be similar to abuck converter, a boost converter, or a buck-boost converter. However,the Kappa converter can help provide various advantages relative toother buck, boost, or buck-boost configurations. For example, the Kappaconverter can exhibit or generate less electromagnetic interference dueto its limited number of switches and isolation of such switches fromthe supply rails or ground reference nodes.

The Kappa converter can include or use relatively small input or outputfilters, such as relatively low-valued capacitors or inductors. TheKappa converter can be configured to provide output power that is thesame or similar to its buck, boost, or buck-boost relatives, and canexhibit less DC resistance losses due in part to a distribution ofcurrent through multiple inductors. In an example, the Kappa converteris non-inverting, meaning a polarity of its input is the same as apolarity of the converter's output.

FIG. 4 illustrates generally an example of a Kappa converter 400. TheKappa converter 400 can be configured for step-up, step-down, or step-upand step-down signal regulation. The Kappa converter 400 includes afirst node 402, a first switching node 405, a second switching node 407,and a second node 408. In the example of FIG. 4 , a first signal V₁ isprovided at the first node 402, and a second signal V₂ is provided atthe second node 408. Relative magnitudes of the signals at the first andsecond nodes 402 and 408 can change depending on an operating mode orcurrent flow direction of the Kappa converter 400. For example, amagnitude of V1 at the first node 402 can be greater than a magnitude ofV2 at the second node 408 when the Kappa converter 400 is configured forbuck or step-down operation, and the energy is converted from V1 to V2.In an example, a magnitude of V1 at the first node 402 can be increasedrelative to an input source with a lesser magnitude of V2 at the secondnode 408 when the Kappa converter 400 is configured for step-up or boostoperation. One or both of the first node 402 and the second node 408 canbe coupled to a reference node using a capacitor. In the example of FIG.4 , the Kappa converter 400 is configured for step-down operation andthe second node 408 is coupled to a reference node using a first filtercapacitor 432.

The Kappa converter 400 can include a first inductor 421 with inductanceL_(T) and the first inductor 421 can be provided between the first node402 and the first switching node 405. The Kappa converter 400 caninclude a second inductor 422 with inductance L_(B) and provided betweenthe second switching node 407 and a reference node 401. The referencenode 401 can include a circuit ground or other reference. In the exampleof FIG. 4 , the Kappa converter 400 includes a flying capacitor 431 withcapacitance C_(f). In an example, the flying capacitor 431 is coupledbetween the first and second switching nodes 405 and 407. In the exampleof FIG. 4 , a voltage V_(C) across the flying 431 can be substantiallythe same as a voltage of the first signal V₁ at the first node 402.

The Kappa converter 400 can further include first and second switches411 and 412. The first switch 411 can be coupled between the firstswitching node 405 and the second node 408, and the second switch 412can be coupled between the second switching node 407 and the second node408. In the example of FIG. 4 , the first switch 411 is switched betweenopen (non-conducting) and closed (conducting) configurations accordingto a first switching signal S_(TK), and the second switch 412 isswitched between open and closed configurations according to a secondswitching signal S_(BK). The first and second switching signals S_(TK)and S_(BK) can be complementary or overlapping depending on a desiredoperating condition of the Kappa converter 400. In an example, the firstand second switching signals S_(TK) and S_(BK) can bepulse-width-modulated or PWM signals.

In an example, the Kappa converter 400 includes a control circuit 470.The control circuit 470 can be configured to drive the first and secondswitches 411 and 412, such as by generating or providing the first andsecond switching signals S_(TK) and S_(BK). In an example, the controlcircuit 470 is configured to receive information about signals at one ormore of the first switching node 405, the second node 408, the secondswitching node 407, or elsewhere, and in response generate the first andsecond switching signals S_(TK) and S_(BK). That is, the first andsecond switching signals S_(TK) and S_(BK) can be based on signalactivity or conditions in the Kappa converter 400 or elsewhere. In anexample, the control circuit 470 can be configured to receive and useinformation about an output voltage signal from the Kappa converter 400to thereby provide output voltage regulation.

In an example, the control circuit 470 can receive a power signal from,or can share power terminals with, the flying capacitor 431. That is, inan example, the control circuit 470 can be configured to drive the firstand second switches 411 using power received from the flying capacitor431, which power can be received from the first or second node 402 or408. In an example, the control circuit 470 can include a control signalinput that is configured to receive a control signal that defines anoperating mode of the Kappa converter 400. For example, in response to afirst control signal at the control signal input, the Kappa converter400 can be configured to operate as a step-down or buck converter. Inresponse to a different second control signal at the control signalinput, the Kappa converter 400 can be configured to operate as a step-upor boost converter. In response to a different third control signal atthe control signal input, the Kappa converter 400 can be configured tooperate as a step-down or step-up converter (stated differently,configured to operate as a buck-boost converter).

In an example, the various components of the Kappa converter 400 can beprovided in an integrated circuit (IC) or other physically small powermodule. That is, the Kappa converter 400 can be provided as a molded andpackaged system, or a substantially stand-alone module. A mode ofoperation of the converter system can be specified by, for example, oneor more inputs to the control circuit 470. In an example, filters orother components can be coupled to the IC package-implemented Kappaconverter 400 to further enhance its functions.

Kappa Converter Used as a Step-Down Converter

FIG. 5 illustrates generally an example of a step-down Kappa converter500. The step-down Kappa converter 500 includes or uses the Kappaconverter 400 for step-down voltage regulation. For example, thestep-down Kappa converter 500 is configured to receive a high voltageinput signal V_(HV) at the first node 402 and provide a stepped-downlower voltage output signal V_(LV) at the second node 408. A continuityof the current at the second node 408 and a magnitude of the voltage ofthe output signal V_(LV) at the second node 408 can be a function of theduty cycles of the first and second switches 411 and 412.

In the example of FIG. 5 , a voltage across the flying capacitor 431 canbe balanced to V_(HV), corresponding to a voltage of the input signal atthe first node 402. Over a first portion of a full switching cycle, afirst current signal can flow from the first node 402, through the firstinductor 421, through the first switch 411, and to the second node 408,and over a subsequent second portion of the full switching cycle, asecond current signal can flow from the reference node 401, through thesecond inductor 422, through the flying capacitor 431, to the secondnode 408.

In an example, when the first switch 411 is turned on, such as whenS_(TK) is high, then a current through the first inductor 421 can rampup based on the voltage signal across the first inductor 421. In theexample of FIG. 5 , the first switch 411 can be on when the secondswitch 412 is off, and the voltage across the first inductor 421 can beabout V_(HV)-V_(LV) over a first portion of a duty cycle D as a currentflows from the first node 402 to a first switching node 405. Similarly,during the first portion of the duty cycle, a current through the secondinductor 422 can ramp up based on a voltage signal across the secondinductor 422. When the first switch 411 is on, then a voltage at thesecond switching node 407 can be about V_(LV)-V_(HV) with a currentflowing from the reference node 401 through the second inductor 422 andto the second switching node 407.

During a second portion of the duty cycle, the first switch 411 can beoff and the second switch 412 can be on, and a magnitude of the voltageacross the first inductor 421 can be the same as a magnitude of theoutput signal V_(LV). When the second switch 412 is switched on, thenthe first switching node 405 can have a voltage of about V_(LV)+V_(HV),and a voltage across the first inductor 421 can be −V_(LV), and acurrent from the first inductor 421 can ramp down. Similarly, when thesecond switch 412 is on, a voltage across the second inductor 422 can be−V_(LV), and a current from the second inductor 422 can ramp down.

Stated differently, the change in current through the first inductor 421can be expressed as D*(V_(HV)−V_(LV))/L_(T) over the first portion ofthe duty cycle, and can be expressed as (1−D)*(V_(LV))/L_(T) over thesecond portion of the duty cycle. By equating the two expressions andrearranging terms, the relationship between the voltage input signalV_(HV) and the voltage output signal V_(LV) is V_(HV)*D=V_(LV). This isthe voltage conversion expression for a conventional buck converter, andthe relationship is independent of the inductance. Accordingly, the sameexpression of the transfer function can be derived using the secondinductor 422. In an example, the respective currents through the firstand second inductors 421 and 422 can be asynchronous, unlike in atwo-phase buck converter.

In an example, the step-down Kappa converter 500 can be a simpler ormore power-efficient converter relative to single-phase ormultiple-phase buck converters. For example, compared to a single-phasebuck converter with equivalent current handling and total inductance,the step-down Kappa converter 500 can have less DC resistance loss (I²Rloss from the first and/or second inductors 421 and 422) due to itsdistribution of current signals among the different inductors. In anexample, compared to a two-phase buck converter, such as the two-phasebuck converter 200 of FIG. 2 , the step-down Kappa converter 500includes two switches instead of four, and can have substantiallynon-pulsating and continuous input and output currents.

The step-down Kappa converter 500 can operate differently than aconventional buck converter in several ways. For example, the step-downKappa converter 500 includes the first inductor 421 connected in serieswith the first node 402 or input terminal that receives a high voltagesignal. The first inductor 421 can help the converter maintain acontinuous input current state, which in turn can help reduce inputsignal ripple. In an example, the first inductor 421 can help mitigateEMI noise that is introduced into a bus associated with or coupled tothe first node 402, such as by isolating the first node 402 from theswitches in the converter. In an example, the first inductor 421 canhelp relax input filter requirements such as input capacitors that canbe used in other buck converter topologies.

The step-down Kappa converter 500 can include the second inductor 422coupled to the reference node 401. In the example of FIG. 5 , each ofthe first and second switches 411 and 412 is thus isolated or decoupledfrom the reference node 401 or ground. This configuration can helpreduce ground noise and can help reduce AC ground bouncing that canoccur in conventional switching buck converters. Furthermore, functionof the step-down Kapa converter 500 can be substantially immune to inputor ground inductance, and thus the converter can support applicationswith long supply traces or ground traces.

Kappa Converter Used as a Step-Up Converter Example

FIG. 6 illustrates generally an example of a step-up Kappa converter600. The step-up Kappa converter 600 can include or use the Kappaconverter 400 for step-up voltage regulation. For example, the step-upKappa converter 600 is configured to receive a low voltage input signalV_(LV) at the second node 408 and provide a stepped-up higher voltageoutput signal V_(HV) at the first node 402. In the example of FIG. 6 ,the step-up Kappa converter 600 can include an output capacitor 462coupled to the first node 402. A continuity of the current at the firstnode 402 and a magnitude of the voltage of the output signal V_(HV) atthe first node 402 can be a function of the duty cycles of the first andsecond switches 411 and 412.

In the example of FIG. 6 , a voltage across the flying capacitor 431 canbe balanced to V_(HV), corresponding to the input signal at the secondnode 408. Over a first portion of a full switching cycle, a firstcurrent signal can flow from the second node 408, through the firstswitch 411, through the first inductor 421, and to the first node 402,and over a subsequent second portion of the full switching cycle, asecond current signal can flow from the second node 408, through thefirst switch 411, through the flying capacitor 431, through the secondinductor 422, and to the reference node 401. When the first switch 411is turned on and with a voltage of (V_(HV)−V_(LV)) across the firstinductor 421, a current from the first inductor 421 can flow can rampdown. When the second switch 412 is turned on, node 407 is(V_(LV)−V_(HV)), and a current in the second inductor 422 ramps down.

In an example, when the second switch 412 is turned on, such as whenS_(BK) is high, then a current through the second inductor 422 can rampup based on the voltage signal across the second inductor 422. In theexample of FIG. 6 , the second switch 412 can be on when the firstswitch 411 is off, and the voltage across the second inductor 422 canramp up to a voltage that is about V_(LV) over a first portion of a dutycycle D. During a second portion of the duty cycle, the second switch412 can be off when the first switch 411 is on, and the voltage at thefirst switching node 405 can be V_(LV). Accordingly, a voltage acrossthe first inductor 421 can be about V_(LV)−V_(HV). Stated differently,the change in current through the second inductor 422 can be expressedas D*V_(LV)/L_(B) over the first portion of the duty cycle, and can beexpressed as (1−D)*(V_(HV)−V_(LV))/L_(B) over the second portion of theduty cycle. By equating the two expressions and rearranging terms, therelationship between the voltage input signal V_(LV) and the voltageoutput signal V_(HV) is V_(HV)=V_(LV)/(1−D). This is the voltageconversion expression for a conventional boost converter, and therelationship is independent of the inductance.

In an example, a conventional boost converter, such as the boostconverter 300 from the example of FIG. 3 , can exhibit aright-half-plane (RHP) zero that limits the bandwidth of the converterand detracts from a transient response. An RHP zero can be caused whenthe inductor is decoupled or disconnected from the converter load. Whenthis happens, the converter output voltage can drop and a command signalcan be issued to try to resolve the output. After a time constantassociated with the RHP zero elapses, the output can begin to increaseagain according to the control signal. That is, due to an RHP zero, aconventional boost converter may be slow to respond to control signalchanges.

The step-up Kappa converter 600, however, does not include aconfiguration that can be susceptible to an RHP zero issue. That is, thestep-up Kappa converter 600 can provide enhanced transient responserelative to a conventional boost converter because a current in thefirst inductor 421 can be continuous over an entire switching cycle.That is, in the step-up Kappa converter 600, the first inductor 421 canbe coupled to the load over the entire cycle. Accordingly, the step-upKappa converter 600 can have a relatively wide bandwidth and fasttransient response relative to a conventional boost circuit.

Kappa Converter Used as a Buck-Boost Converter

FIG. 7 illustrates generally an example of a buck-boost Kappa converter700. The buck-boost Kappa converter 700 can include or use the Kappaconverter 400 for step-up or step-down voltage regulation. In theexample of FIG. 7 , the buck-boost Kappa converter 700 is configured toreceive an input signal V_(IN) at the second node 408. The buck-boostKappa converter 700 includes an output capacitor 472 coupled between thefirst node 402 and the second node 408, and an output signal V_(OUT) canbe provided across the terminals of the output capacitor 472. In anexample, a load circuit 475 can be coupled in parallel with the outputcapacitor 472.

In the example of FIG. 7 , the flying capacitor 431 can be charged to anoutput voltage signal V_(OUT). When the second switch 412 is turned on,such as when S_(BK) is high, then a current through the first inductor421 can ramp up based on the voltage signal across the first inductor421. In the example of FIG. 7 , the first switch 411 can be off when thesecond switch 412 is on, and the voltage across the first inductor 421can ramp up to a voltage that is about V_(IN) over a first portion of aduty cycle D. During a second portion of the duty cycle, the firstswitch 411 can be on when the second switch 412 is off, and the voltageacross the first inductor 421 can be −V_(OUT). In other words, a currentin the first inductor 421 over the first portion of the duty cycle canbe expressed as D*V_(IN)/L_(T), and the current in the first inductor421 over the second portion of the duty cycle can be expressed as(−V_(OUT)/L_(T))(D−1). A voltage conversion expression for thebuck-boost Kappa converter 700 can be derived by equating theseexpressions for the current in the first inductor 421. For example,V_(OUT)=V_(IN)*(D/(1−D)). This is the voltage conversion expression fora conventional buck-boost converter, and the relationship is independentof the inductance.

FIG. 8 illustrates generally an example of an LED driver circuit 800that can include or use multiple different converters. For example, theLED driver circuit 800 can include a boost stage 801 that is configuredto receive an input V_(IN) and provide a boosted output, such as at 48V,to a supply bus. The supply bus can be coupled to one or multipleparallel loads or circuit legs that can provide power regulation forvarious LED devices. For example, the supply bus can be coupled to afirst buck converter 811 that is configured to step-down the bus voltageto a specified value for one or more LEDs in a first leg, such as D1 andD2 in the example of FIG. 8 . The supply bus can be coupled to a secondbuck converter 812 that is configured to step-down the bus voltage to aspecified value for one or more other LEDs, such as D3 and D4 in asecond leg. The different legs of LEDs can have different numbers ortypes of LEDs such as can have different voltage or currentrequirements. The example of FIG. 8 includes two legs, however,additional or fewer legs can be used, such as with the same supply bus.

The LED driver circuit 800 can be configured to include or use one ormore controllers to provide control signals to the switches in the booststage 801, the switches in the first buck converter 811, the switches inthe second buck converter 812, and/or switches in one or more otherstages or converters that can be coupled to the supply bus. Thus, theLED driver circuit 800 can present implementation challenges due in partto the different control schemes used by the several differentconverters. For instance, if a common controller is used for the LEDdriver circuit 800, then the common controller will generate controlsignals for both buck and boost converter circuits, and may use feedbackinformation from multiple different portions of the circuit.

FIG. 9A illustrates generally a first example 901 of a step-up or boostKappa converter for driving one or more LEDs. The first example 901 caninclude substantially similar components as the step-up Kappa converter600 from the example of FIG. 6 . The first example 901 includes a loadthat is coupled between the first node 402 and the ground reference node401.

The first example 901 includes a first resistor 910 provided in serieswith the first inductor 421. The first resistor 910 is configured as asense resistor to sense information about a current drawn through thefirst inductor 421 and provided to or consumed by the load.

The first example 901 includes an LED apparatus 975 as the load circuitconnecting to output of V_(HV) from the example of FIG. 6 . The LEDapparatus 975 is illustrated as including LED devices D5, D6, and D_(N);however, fewer or additional devices can similarly be used.

In the example of FIG. 9A, the LED devices can be arranged in series,and the series-coupled LED devices can be coupled between the first node402 and the reference node 401. In an example, various other switches orcircuitry can optionally be provided to facilitate switching the LEDdevices on or off independently and, in an example, the power signalprovided to the LED apparatus 975 can be adjusted substantially inreal-time by the control circuit 470 to accommodate the LED devices inuse at any given time. For example, by adjusting a duty cycle of thefirst and second switches 411 and 412, the output voltage signal V_(OUT)can be increased or decreased according to the transfer function derivedabove for the step-up Kappa converter 600, that is,V_(OUT)=V_(IN)/(1−D).

In an example, voltage or current information from the first resistor910 can be used by the control circuit 470 to determine a duty cycle forthe first and second switches 411 and 412, such as to maintain aconstant or continuous current at the output of the converter. Forexample, the control circuit can include sense terminals IS_(P) andIS_(N) coupled to respective sides of the first resistor 910.Information from the sense terminals can be used by the control circuit470 to monitor a current or voltage signal provided to the LED apparatus975.

The first example 901 exhibits relatively low output ripple and can beused with relatively small output capacitors or filters, such as theoutput capacitor C_(OUT) that is coupled in parallel with the LEDapparatus 975. The first example 901 thus uses two switches to providestep-up or step-down conversion from an input signal at the second node408, in contrast with the LED driver circuit 800 from the example ofFIG. 8 that can include or use at least three switches.

FIG. 9B illustrates generally a second example 902 of a step-up Kappaconverter for driving one or more LEDs. The second example 902 caninclude substantially the same components as the first example 901 fromFIG. 9A. In FIG. 9B, however, instead of including the first resistor910 coupled between the first inductor 421 and the first switch 411 asin FIG. 9A, the second example 902 includes a second resistor 912coupled between the first node 402 and the LED apparatus 975.

In the example of FIG. 9B, one of the supply rails for the controlcircuit 470 can be coupled to the second switching node 407, and thesecond switching node 407 can have a variable signal level due to theswitching behavior of the converter. The second example 902 can thusinclude or use a level-shifter between the second resistor 912 and thecontrol circuit 470 to adjust or buffer the signals received at thesense terminals IS_(P) and IS_(N). The level-shifter can be omitted fromthe first example 901 from FIG. 9A, for example, because signal levelsat the first and second switching nodes 405 and 407 fly or changetogether with the supply rails for the control circuit 470.

FIG. 10 illustrates generally a third example 1000 of a buck-boost Kappaconverter for driving one or more LEDs. The third example 1000 caninclude substantially the same components as in the first example 901,such as including the first resistor 910 provided in series with thefirst inductor 421. The LED apparatus 975 is illustrated as includingLED devices D5, D6, and D_(N); however, fewer or additional devices cansimilarly be used.

In the example of FIG. 10 , the LED devices in the LED apparatus 975 canbe arranged in series and the series-coupled LED devices can be coupledbetween the first node 402 and the second node 408. This configurationcan be contrasted with the first example 901 from FIG. 9 that includesthe LED apparatus 975 coupled between the first node 402 and thereference node 401.

In an example, various other switches or circuitry can optionally beprovided to facilitate switching the LED devices on or off independentlyand, in an example, the power or voltage signal provided to the LEDapparatus 975 can be adjusted substantially in real-time by the controlcircuit 470 to accommodate the LED devices in use at any given time. Forexample, by adjusting a duty cycle of the first and second switches 411and 412, the output voltage signal V_(OUT) can be increased or decreasedaccording to the transfer function derived above for the buck-boostKappa converter 700, that is, V_(OUT)=V_(IN)*(D/(1−D)).

In an example, voltage or current information from the first resistor910 can be sensed by the control circuit 470 and used to determine aduty cycle for the first and second switches 411 and 412, such as tomaintain a constant or continuous current at the output of the thirdexample 1000 circuit. Like the first example 901, the third example 1000exhibits relatively low output ripple using two switches and can be usedwith relatively small output capacitors or filters.

Kappa Converter Control

In an example, the control circuit 470 can be configured to controloperation of any one of the step-down Kappa converter 500, the step-upKappa converter 600, or the buck-boost Kappa converter 700. That is, inan example device, the same control circuit 470 can be used to implementthe several different converter topologies. For example, the controlcircuit 470 can be configured to receive or monitor information aboutsignals at the various nodes of the converter circuits and then respondby generating the control signals S_(TK) and S_(BK) for the first andsecond switches 411 and 412. In an example, a converter circuit caninclude or use a sensor device, such as the first resistor 910, andinformation from the sensor can be received by the control circuit 470and used to determine a duty cycle for the switch control signals.

In an example, the control circuit 470 is configured to receiveinformation in a feedback loop. The feedback loop can monitor an outputof the converter or one or more other nodes or aspects of the converter.In an example, when the control circuit 470 is configured for operationwith the step-down Kappa converter 500, the control circuit 470 canreceive information about the output voltage signal V_(LV) at the secondnode 408. In an example, the control circuit 470 can include or use acomparator circuit to compare the output voltage signal V_(LV) with aspecified reference value or target value, and the control circuit 470can adjust the switch control signals based on the relationship betweenthe output voltage signal V_(LV) and the reference value or targetvalue. When the control circuit 470 is configured for operation with thestep-up Kappa converter 600, the control circuit 470 can receiveinformation about the output voltage signal V_(HV) at the first node402. In an example, the control circuit 470 can be configured foroperation with the buck-boost Kappa converter 700 and the controlcircuit 470 can receive information about the output voltage signalV_(OUT) at the first node 402. In an example, the control circuit 470can be configured for operation with the first example 901 converter andthe control circuit 470 can receive information from the first resistor910 corresponding to a current signal magnitude in the first inductor421. For example, the information from the first resistor 910 caninclude information about a voltage across the first resistor 910 orabout a current through the first resistor 910.

VARIOUS NOTES & EXAMPLES

This detailed description includes references to the accompanyingdrawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawingsshow, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which theinvention can be practiced. These embodiments are also referred toherein as “examples.” Such examples can include elements in addition tothose shown or described. However, the present inventors alsocontemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described areprovided. The present inventors contemplate examples using anycombination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or oneor more aspects thereof), either with respect to a particular example(or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect to other examples (orone or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.

In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patentdocuments, to include one or more than one, independent of any otherinstances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In thisdocument, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that“A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unlessotherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “inwhich” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms“comprising” and “wherein.”

In the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” areopen-ended, that is, a system, device, article, composition,formulation, or process that includes elements in addition to thoselisted after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within thescope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms“first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and arenot intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

Method examples described herein can be machine or computer-implementedat least in part. Some examples can include a computer-readable mediumor machine-readable medium encoded with instructions operable toconfigure an electronic device to perform methods as described in theabove examples. An implementation of such methods can include code, suchas microcode, assembly language code, a higher-level language code, orthe like. Such code can include computer readable instructions forperforming various methods. The code may form portions of computerprogram products. Further, in an example, the code can be tangiblystored on one or more volatile, non-transitory, or non-volatile tangiblecomputer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times.Examples of these tangible computer-readable media can include, but arenot limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable opticaldisks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes,memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAMs), read onlymemories (ROMs), and the like.

The above description is intended to be illustrative, and notrestrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or moreaspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Otherembodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the artupon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to complywith 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain thenature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with theunderstanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scopeor meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description,various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure.This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosedfeature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter maylie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment.Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the DetailedDescription as examples or embodiments, with each claim standing on itsown as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that suchembodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations orpermutations. The scope of the invention should be determined withreference to the appended claims, along with the full scope ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled.

What is claimed is:
 1. A switching power converter system that isoperable in a boost mode in which a power signal flows in a power signalpath from an input node to an output node to provide a stepped-up powersignal at the output node, the power converter system comprising: aswitching circuit coupled to the input node; a first inductor coupledbetween a first terminal of the switching circuit and the output node; asecond inductor coupled between a second terminal of the switchingcircuit and a reference node; a control circuit configured to provideswitch control signals to respective switches in the switching circuitto configure the converter system to operate in the boost mode; and acurrent signal sensor comprising a resistor coupled between the outputnode and the control circuit, the current signal sensor configured tomonitor a current output at the output node, wherein the control circuitis configured to provide the switch control signals based in part on thecurrent output at the output node.
 2. The power converter system ofclaim 1, further comprising a capacitor coupled in parallel with theswitching circuit.
 3. The power converter system of claim 1, furthercomprising a load circuit coupled between the input node and the outputnode.
 4. The power converter system of claim 3, wherein the load circuitcomprises one or more light-emitting diodes.
 5. The power convertersystem of claim 4, further comprising an output capacitor coupled inparallel with the load circuit.
 6. The power converter system of claim1, further comprising a load circuit coupled between the output node andthe reference node.
 7. The power converter system of claim 6, whereinthe load circuit comprises one or more light-emitting diodes.
 8. Thepower converter system of claim 7, further comprising an outputcapacitor coupled in parallel with the load circuit.
 9. The powerconverter system of claim 1, wherein the switching circuit includes: afirst switch in a signal path between the input node and the outputnode; and a second switch in a signal path between the input node andthe reference node.
 10. The power converter system of claim 1, whereinthe current signal sensor is coupled in series between the firstinductor and the first terminal of the switching circuit.
 11. The powerconverter system of claim 1, wherein the current signal sensor iscoupled in series between the output node and a load circuit.
 12. Atransformerless power converter system comprising: a first terminalconfigured to receive a lower-voltage input signal; a second terminalconfigured to provide a continuous-current output signal having arelatively greater voltage magnitude than the lower-voltage inputsignal; a first switch coupled to the first terminal and configured toselectively pass signals to the second terminal via a first inductor; asecond switch coupled to the first terminal and configured toselectively pass signals to a reference node via a second inductor; aload circuit configured to receive the output signal from an outputnode; and a current signal sensor comprising a resistor coupled betweenthe output node and a control circuit, wherein the current signal sensoris configured to monitor a current provided to the load circuit; whereinthe control circuit is configured to control the first switch and thesecond switch based on information from the current signal sensor aboutthe current provided to the load circuit.
 13. The system of claim 12,further comprising: the first inductor coupled between the secondterminal and the first switch; the second inductor coupled between thesecond switch and the reference node; and a capacitor coupled betweenthe first and second inductors.
 14. The system of claim 12, wherein theload circuit comprises one or more light-emitting diode devices.
 15. Thesystem of claim 14, wherein the load circuit is coupled between thefirst terminal and the second terminal.
 16. The system of claim 14,wherein the load circuit is coupled between the second terminal and thereference node.
 17. A method for providing a stepped-up power signal toa load circuit using a converter system having input and output nodes, aswitching circuit including first and second switches, a capacitorprovided in parallel with the switching circuit, a first inductorcoupled between a first terminal of the capacitor and the output node,and a second inductor coupled between a second terminal of the capacitorand a reference node, and a control circuit for controlling the firstswitch and the second switch, the method comprising: controlling, usingthe control circuit, the first switch in a first power signal path tochange an amount of a power signal flowing from the input node to thefirst inductor, and controlling, using the control circuit, the secondswitch to change an amount of the power signal flowing from thereference node to the input node; receiving the power signal at the loadcircuit to thereby provide power to one or more light-emitting diodes,wherein the load circuit is referenced to one of the input node and thereference node; sensing, via a current signal sensor comprising aresistor that is coupled between the output node and the controlcircuit, a magnitude of a current signal provided to the load circuit;and based on the sensed magnitude of the current signal provided to theload circuit, using the control circuit to modulate a duty cycle of thefirst and second switches to provide a substantially continuous drivesignal to the load circuit.
 18. The method of claim 17, whereinreceiving the power signal at the load circuit comprises receiving atleast a portion of the power signal at multiple different light-emittingdiodes that are coupled in series in the load circuit.